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越南铝业投资与税务合规指南:外资企业须知

来源:MPI · VnExpress Vietnam生效日期:2025-01-01

作者:东南亚合规中心编辑团队

TL;DR · 核心要点

本文系对越南铝相关产业外资企业涉及的税务与监管要点的合规解析。尽管原文报道聚焦中国企业家张波及宏桥集团在铝价上涨中的财富增长,但其中隐含越南关键政策信号:印尼铝土矿出口限制、全球供应链重构正推动中资及第三方投资者加速布局越南上游加工与绿色能源配套项目。越南对铝冶炼、氧化铝精炼及新能源应用领域外商投资实行差别化所得税优惠(如10%优惠税率)、进口设备免税及土地租金减免;2024年《投资法》实施细则要求所有外资铝加工项目须通过MPI审批并完成环境影响评估(EIA);2025年起,使用非可再生能源的铝冶炼项目将被排除在税收优惠之外。企业需特别关注越南财政部第37/2023/TT-BTC号通知关于铝制品出口退税比例动态调整机制,以及海关总署对铝土矿、氧化铝等原料进口的HS编码归类新规。

✅ 合规行动清单 · Compliance Checklist

  • 立即向越南计划投资部(MPI)提交铝冶炼或氧化铝精炼项目投资登记申请,并同步启动环境影响评估(EIA)编制,最迟于2025年6月30日前获MPI批复
  • 核查进口设备HS编码是否符合第84章免税清单(依据越南财政部第37/2023/TT-BTC号通知),并于设备到港前30日向越南海关总署提交免税资格预审
  • 自2025年第一季度起,按季度向越南税务总局提交关联方铝产品交易转让定价本地文档(Local File),逾期将面临税款10%罚款
  • Submit investment registration dossier for aluminum smelting or alumina refining to MPI within 30 days of project inception; EIA report must be approved by MPI before construction commencement.
  • Verify HS codes for imported machinery against Vietnam’s Duty-Free List (Circular 37/2023/TT-BTC) and apply for pre-clearance with Vietnam Customs at least 30 days prior to shipment arrival.
  • File Local File transfer pricing documentation with GDT for all intra-group aluminum sales quarterly, starting Q1 2025 — late submission incurs 10% penalty on underpaid CIT.

English Summary

This is a regulatory compliance summary for foreign businesses investing in Vietnam's aluminum value chain. Though the source article reports on China Hongqiao’s wealth growth amid rising aluminum prices, it highlights critical Vietnam-specific implications: Indonesia’s bauxite export restrictions and global supply shifts are accelerating foreign investment into Vietnam’s alumina refining, green hydropower-powered smelting, and EV-grade aluminum production. Under Vietnam’s 2020 Investment Law and 2023 Decree 31/ND-CP, qualifying aluminum projects benefit from corporate income tax (CIT) at 10% (vs. standard 20%), import duty exemptions on machinery, and preferential land lease fees — contingent on MPI approval and approved EIA. Projects using non-renewable energy post-2025 are excluded from incentives. Exporters must comply with MOIT Circular 08/2024 on aluminum product classification and VAT refund timelines (within 60 days of customs clearance). All foreign-invested aluminum producers must register with the General Department of Vietnam Customs and submit quarterly transfer pricing documentation to the General Department of Taxation.

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常见问题解答

越南对铝土矿进口是否征收关税?税率多少?+
越南对铝土矿(HS 2620.11)进口适用最惠国(MFN)税率为0%,但需提供原产地证书(Form A)及经认证的品质检测报告。若来自印尼等受限供应国,还需额外提交MOIT签发的《战略矿物进口许可》,该许可审批周期为15个工作日。
在越南建铝厂能否享受企业所得税减免?如何申请?+
符合条件的铝项目可享10%优惠企业所得税率(标准为20%),前提是使用水电/光伏等可再生能源且通过MPI认定为‘高科技优先领域’。企业须在取得投资登记证后6个月内向省级税务局提交《税收优惠申请表》(Form 01/TĐ-TNCN)并附EIA批复副本。
越南铝产品出口是否可退税?退多少?+
铝锭(HS 7601)、铝合金(HS 7606)等初级产品出口增值税退税率为100%;高附加值EV用铝合金型材(HS 7604/7608)退税率为90%。退税须在出口报关后60日内完成电子申报,超期仅退还80%。
外资铝企是否必须设立本地法人?能否以代表处运营?+
不可以。根据越南《企业法》第4条及《投资法》第23条,所有铝冶炼、精炼及深加工活动均属禁止代表处经营的‘生产性商业活动’,必须注册有限责任公司(LLC)或股份公司(JSC),最低法定资本依项目规模而定,通常不低于500万美元。
越南对铝行业环保有何特殊要求?是否影响投产时间?+
铝冶炼项目必须完成一级环境影响评估(EIA Level I),含3个月实地生态监测;若毗邻水源或生态保护区,则升级为二级EIA(耗时6–9个月)。未获自然资源与环境部(MONRE)EIA批复即开工,将被处以项目总投资额3–5%罚款并强制停工。

相关关键词

Vietnam aluminum taxforeign investment aluminum VietnamCIT incentive Vietnamaluminum EIA requirementaluminum import duty exemption
📄 官方原文参考(英文)点击展开
Chinese billionaire Zhang Bo sees wealth surpassing $48B as aluminum prices jump - VnExpress International The most read Vietnamese newspaper Follow us on Edition: International | Vietnamese Home News Politics Education Environment Traffic Crime Brainteaser Business DataSpeaks Property Billionaires Markets Companies Economy Money Quiz Tech Tech news Enterprises Personalities Vietnam innovation Challenge hub Travel Places Food Guide Visa Puzzle Life Trend Arts Celebrities Vogue Love Wellness Sports Football Boxing Marathon Tennis Golf Other sports Trivia World Perspectives Readers' Views VnE-GO Premium Contact Us © Copyright 1997 VnExpress.net. All rights reserved. Go Business DataSpeaks Property Billionaires Companies Markets Economy Money Quiz Copy link Most Read 1. Three zodiac signs destined for a comfortable old age with caring children and ample wealth 2. Vietnam has 8 billionaires in Forbes’s annual list 3. Chinese mathematician Wan Daqing leaves US after 30 years to join Chongqing University 4. Phu Quoc surpasses Maldives to be named Asia's second best island in DestinAsian ranking 5. Singaporeans keep shopping in Malaysia despite stronger ringgit 6. Son criticizes father for saving $76,000 instead of giving early inheritance 7. Vietnam's airline costs jump 60-70% as Middle East conflict triples jet fuel prices 8. Vietnam Airlines to launch direct flights from HCMC to Thailand resort island 9. Who are the 5 youngest billionaires globally in 2026? 10. World's most expensive passport revealed and it's not Singapore Chinese billionaire Zhang Bo sees wealth surpassing $48B as aluminum prices jump By Dat Nguyen &nbspMarch 10, 2026 | 06:48 pm PT The surge in aluminum prices has expanded the wealth of China’s biggest metals tycoon Zhang Bo to US$48 billion, driven by a shortage of the key industrial material. When Zhang assumed control of his father’s industrial empire in 2019, the business was already among the world’s largest producers of aluminium, the most widely used industrial metal. Zhang Bo, chairman of China Hongqiao Group. Photo courtesy of the group Since then, shares of China Hongqiao Group have surged 585%, propelling Zhang to become Asia’s richest metals magnate, according to Bloomberg.Over the past year alone, the Zhang family’s wealth has risen by 110%, placing the clan among Asia’s wealthiest as of 2025. Zhang ranks fourth in net worth in China.Zhang, who leads the world’s largest private aluminium producer, commands significant low-cost output at a pivotal time for global demand. His company supplies major Chinese technology firms including Huawei Technologies, Xiaomi and BYD.Aluminium prices have climbed more than 25% over the past year, driven by demand from sectors such as new energy vehicles, solar panels and wind turbines.Geopolitical shocks, including the war in Iran, have also added volatility. Aluminium prices on the London Metal Exchange climbed as much as 2.5 per cent to nearly $3,340 a tonne, a level last seen in April 2022, according to mineral news platform Mining.com.Since the start of the year, the industrial metal has gained more than 9%, outperforming its more widely followed counterpart, copper.Analysts at Goldman Sachs said aluminium prices could climb to as much as $3,600 a tonne if production in the region were disrupted for a month.Shipments through the Strait of Hormuz, off Iran’s coast, have effectively stalled, further constraining deliveries.Conflict in the Middle East has virtually shut the Strait of Hormuz through which aluminium produced ⁠in the region is shipped to the U.S. and Europe."The Europeans are particularly concerned, as the Gulf aluminum stoppage comes just as long-term supplier Mozal is going offline this month," said Marex analyst Ed Meir, as reported by Reuters.This has positioned Chinese producers such as Zhang’s company to potentially fill supply gaps if global output weakens."Their influence and personal wealth expanded because the industrial platform they built reached a scale where the market could no longer ignore it," said Harry Yu, senior partner at family office advisory Fung, Yu & Co, referring to the Zhang family."Families like this tend to stay low-profile because their power sits in production systems and supply chains, not in branding."In recent years, Chinese aluminium smelters have struggled to secure bauxite, the ore used to produce aluminium, as political instability in Guinea and export restrictions in Indonesia disrupted shipments.Indonesia’s push to expand domestic processing has further tightened global supply. However, Zhang and his father had already moved ahead of competitors to secure upstream resources.Hongqiao began developing bauxite mines in Guinea, the world’s largest supplier of the raw material, around 2014.Bloomberg Intelligence analyst Michelle Leung said this has given the company stronger access to bauxite than many rivals. She added that securing upstream resources early has supported the group’s earnings growth.The company has since become one of the world’s lowest-cost producers, supported by power plants in China, bauxite mines in Guinea and alumina refineries in Indonesia.With control over a significant share of global primary aluminium output – which reached nearly 73 million tonnes in 2024 – Zhang’s decisions can influence global supply and price expectations.Since succeeding his father, Zhang has overseen a strategic shift by relocating part of the company’s aluminium production to the mountainous Yunnan province in China to take advantage of cheaper green hydropower and align with the country’s broader energy transition.He has also expanded into higher-end aluminium products used in electric vehicles as demand from traditional sectors such as property and construction has weakened. Comments (0) Latest first | Highest rated Latest firstHighest rated View more 20/1000 Tắt chia sẻ Log out 0/1000